Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography

Topic: The differences in command of authority between Captain Jean Luc Picard and Captain Kathrine Janeway.

Bergvall, V. L. (1999). Toward a Comprehensive Theory of Language and Gender. Language in Society, 28(2, Communities of Practice in Language and Gender Research), pp. 273-293. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.hamline.edu:2087/stable/4168929

        The authors prescribe methods for evaluating the impact of language on gender construction. The article specifically looks at how a group has these constructive capability. Additionally, the author explains that it is necessary to combine ideology and innateness when discussing variation among groups and the reasons for that variation. In my paper, I will use this text to analyze the different speaking styles of Captain Janeway and Captain Picards. This insight into their speaking style will reveal their

Ferguson, K. E., Ashkenazi, G., & Schultz, W. (1997). Gender Identity in Star Trek. In D. M. Hassler, & C. Wilcox (Eds.), Political Science Fiction [Gender Identity in Star Trek] (1st ed., pp. 214-233). South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press.

        The chapter analyzes the role that gender identity plays in Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Voyager. The authors conclude that while there tends to be more of a trend toward liberalizing in the shows content as the years progressed, that the equality that Captain Picard professes, is not entirely evident. The authors also find that there is still significant female subordination on the show. I will draw from examples in this text to synthesize my ideas regarding gender subordination in the Star Trek series.

Jacobson, M. B., Antonelli, J., Winning, P. U., & Opeil, D. (1977). Women as Authority Figures: The Use and Nonuse of Authority. [Women as Authority Figures: The Use and Nonuse of Authority] Sex Roles, 3(4), 365-375. doi:10.1007/BF00289559

        The authors explore the exertion of authority by female and male figures against female and male subordinates. Their findings conclude that women are not to exercise authority in traditionally male roles or they are viewed harshly by men and women alike. In contrast, if a man does not exercise his authority against subordinates, he is viewed as a weaker leader/authority figure. I will explore how the male and female characters respond to the authority of Captain Janeway.

Johnson, C. (1994). Gender, Legitimate Authority, and Leader-Subordinate Conversations. American Sociological Review, 59(1), pp. 122-135. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.hamline.edu:2087/stable/2096136

        The article discusses the organizational environments in which men find themselves subordinated by women or vice versa. Additionally, the author examines the effects of formal legitimate authority and gender socialization on the conversation and relationship of the parties. The author concludes that formal authority has more weight than gender in understanding conversation and relationship. I will use this text to explore the punishment styles and the reception of that punishment in the two series. If this author is correct, there should be no difference in the way that crew members respond to punishment.

Roberts, R. (2000). Science, Race, and Gender in Star Trek: Voyager. In E. R. Helford (Ed.), Fantasy Girls: Gender in the New Universe of Science Fiction and Fantasy Television [Fantasy Girls: Gender in the New Universe of Science Fiction and Fantasy Television] (1st ed., pp. 203-223). Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.

        The author addresses the role that Captain Janeway, and the other female leads, play in transgressing gender and racial barriers. The author describes the three females as scientists and explains that Gene Roddenberry's decision to wait 20 years after the creation of the first Star Trek to incorporate strong female leads. Roberts discusses the difference in status of these female characters versus past female characters in the Star Trek tradition. I will use this text to analyze the trend in the show to see if there is a gender imbalance or if it has been corrected, as this text claims.

Rudman, L. A., & Kilianski, S. E. (2000). Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Female Authority. [Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Female Authority] Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(11), 1315-1328. doi:10.1177/0416167200263001

        The authors found that gender bias can influence, both implicitly and explicitly, prejudice against females in positions of authority. Additionally, it was discovered that although women displayed less explicit prejudice, their implicit ideas were equally as negative as those presented by men. I will use this article to explore the crew members responses/perceived prejudice toward their captain based on their gender. I will analyze the responses of both male and female crew members in this analysis.

Seckman, M. A., & Couch, C. J. (1989). Jocularity, Sarcasm, and Relationships: An Empirical Study. [Jocularity, Sarcasm, and Relationships: An Empirical Study] Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 18(3), 327-344. doi:10.1177/0089124189018003004

        The authors essentially explore the difference between laughing with someone, and laughing at the expense of someone, and how these social interactions either serve to unify groups or isolate individuals from that group. Specifically, the authors explain that sarcasm is more often used to exclude oneself from/exert authority over than jocularity. I will use this text to analyze the speaking styles of Captain Janeway and Captain Picard. Captain Janeway is more likely to employ humor of any kind, but especially sarcasm. Picard, on the other hand, does not normally use humor in conversation.

Taylor, Jeri. (1996) "Alliances." Lendau, Les (Director). Roddenberry, Gene (Producer). Star Trek: Voyager. Los Angeles, Desilu Studios.

        The crew discovers that there is a traitor on board the Voyager. There is a conflict between on-board members of the Trabe and Kazon tribes. Janeway, who's first allegiance seems to be to the Kazon,  treads lightly but tries to create an alliance with the Trabe. The Trabe are unwilling to cooperate and are deceitful. Janeway decides that Kazon who tries to leave the planned conference will be the guilty party. Because this is a high tension episode, with quite a bit of action, I will analyze how Janeway problem solves, commands authority, and resolves conflict.

Taylor, Jeri. (1990) "Suddenly Human." Beaumont, Gabrielle (Director). Roddenberry, Gene (Producer). Star Trek: The Next Generation. Los Angeles, Desilu Studios.

               The Enterprise discovers a boy that has been badly injured. He appears to be humanoid, so the                crew brings him aboard to give him medical attention. The rest of the boys that were found                were Talarian, and this boy had also been raised to believe that he was Talarian, too. Picard                soon learns that the boy cannot befriend him, or he will be disobeying his father. Picard desires to respect the Talarian culture, and although the boy has physically injured him, the boy is                allowed to make his own decision. I chose this episode because it deals with central elements of           power--technically Picard has control over the boy because the boy is a Federation citizen, but                Picard does not choose to exercise that power. Additionally, the episode shows how Picard                interacts with children, providing an additional important element to his character as command.

Tirole, J., & Aghion, P. (1997). Formal and Real Authority in Organizations. [Formal and Real Authority in Organizations] The Journal of Political Economy, 105(1), 1-29. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.hamline.edu:2087/stable/2138869

        The paper examines and defines the difference between real authority and formal authority; noting that formal authority is the power that one is prescribed, and real authority is the power that one can exercise. Additionally, the degree of leniency, overload, reputation, and performance measurement depend on the group's communication and one the allocation of formal authority. I will explore how Captain Janeway and Captain Picard assume real authority and use their formal authority in concert or in contrast to one another.